1. Definition of bio organic fertilizer:

Bio organic fertilizer refers to the use of crop straw and livestock manure as the main raw materials, inoculated with microbial composite agents, and thoroughly killed pathogenic bacteria and parasite eggs using biochemical processes and microbial technologies, eliminating odors. Microorganisms are used to decompose organic matter, turning large molecular substances into small molecules, and then achieving the goals of deodorization, decomposition, dehydration, and drying, to produce organic fertilizer with excellent physical properties, carbon nitrogen ratio, and excellent fertilizer efficiency. Biological organic fertilizer belongs to the category of biological fertilizers, and its difference from microbial inoculants mainly lies in the strains, production industry, and application technology.

2. Bacterial strains for bio organic fertilizers:

The strains used for the production of bio organic fertilizers must first have the ability to ferment solid organic matter, which can decompose, deodorize, and dry organic waste through fermentation. At present, there are filamentous fungi, basidiomycetes, yeast, and actinomycetes used for the fermentation of solid organic matter. Light acting bacteria can also be used to make fermentation agents with some of the aforementioned strains for the fermentation of solid organic waste. In practical production, composite microbial agents are often used, including bacteria suitable for degrading, decomposing, and deodorizing raw materials, fiber decomposing bacteria, semi fiber decomposing bacteria, especially lignin decomposing bacteria and high-temperature fermentation bacteria, nitrogen fixing microorganisms, phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms, and Bacillus subtilis.

Microbial agents are added to animal manure for biological fermentation, following the "three flow cycle theory" of energy flow, material flow, and gene flow. Under aerobic conditions, microorganisms rapidly reproduce and strongly decompose organic matter in manure. Under the action of high-temperature microorganisms, organic oxidation and decomposition produce biological heat, forming energy exchange. By killing pathogens and insect eggs at high temperatures of 60-70 ℃, and undergoing mineralization and humification processes, effective nutrients such as N, P, K, and trace elements are released for material exchange. The non-specific immune factors produced by Bacillus subtilis with special functions inhibit the activity of harmful microorganisms and the growth of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria in feces, as well as the decomposition of spoilage substances; The filamentous fungi and photosynthetic bacteria in microbial agents absorb and decompose harmful substances such as odors. Animal manure undergoes biological fermentation to produce efficient organic fertilizers that are harmless, odorless, and free of bacterial eggs.

Production process:

1. Ingredient technology

The ingredients vary due to differences in raw material sources, fermentation methods, microbial species, and equipment. The general principle of ingredients is that the organic content in the total material should be higher than 45%; The carbon to nitrogen ratio ranges from (30:1) to (35:1), and reaches (15:1) to (20:1) after decomposition; The pH value is between 6 and 7.5; It is advisable to control the moisture content at around 60%, but during bacterial fermentation, the moisture content can be adjusted to 60% to 65%.

2. Fermentation and maturation methods:

The methods and effects of organic material fermentation and maturation are closely related to the fermentation process and equipment used, mainly as follows.

① Flat stacking fermentation method: In the fermentation site, the raw materials, auxiliary materials, and fermentation strains are mixed in proportion, and then the fermented material is stacked into a long pile with a width of 2.6 meters, a height of 0.8 meters, and a length of 10-50 meters (the length depends on the actual length of the users site). The flipping rhythm is controlled according to the heating rate of the fermentation bacteria. Generally, after 2 days of material stacking, the temperature inside the pile will rise to 40 ℃. At this time, the flipping machine needs to be started to flip the material. By the 6th day of fermentation, the temperature inside the pile will rise to 70-75 ℃. At this time, flipping is required twice a day. The fermentation cycle of flat stacking fermentation method usually takes about 12-15 days. The flat stacking fermentation method does not require the construction of fermentation tanks and is very suitable for use in small and medium-sized organic fertilizer factories and breeding farms.

② Fermentation tank fermentation method: Raw materials, auxiliary materials, and fermentation strains are mixed in proportion in the fermentation site, and then the fermented products are transported to the fermentation tank. Generally, the fermentation tank is a long pile with a width of 3 meters (or 4 meters, 5 meters, 6 meters), a height of 1.2 meters (or 1.8 meters, 2.4 meters), and a length of 10-80 meters (the length depends on the actual length of the users site). Several fermentation tanks are arranged and combined, and placed in the fermentation room. A ventilation groove with a width of 20cm and a height of 15cm is buried at the bottom of each groove. After the material is filled, a fan is used to ventilate the groove regularly to maintain good ventilation and promote rapid growth of aerobic microorganisms. Use a trough fermentation turning machine to regularly turn over the compost once a day. After 5-7 days of fermentation, the temperature gradually decreases from 70-80 ℃ at high temperatures to stable, indicating that it has decomposed. The fermentation cycle of trough fermentation method generally takes about 8-10 days. The trough fermentation method has the characteristics of simple structure, low energy consumption, and easy operation, which is very suitable for use in large and medium-sized organic fertilizer factories and breeding farms.

③ Fermentation tank rapid fermentation method: Mix the raw materials and auxiliary materials in a ratio of 7:3, then add 1kg of high-temperature fermentation bacteria per ton, and transport the prepared fermentation product to the fermentation tank. The fermentation tank is equipped with an automatic heating and temperature control system, which can assist the fermentation bacteria to quickly reach 70-120 ℃. When the temperature inside the tank reaches 70 ℃, the fermentation bacteria enter a rapid reproduction period, allowing beneficial bacteria to rapidly multiply in the tank and killing harmful substances such as Escherichia coli and roundworm eggs in the material. The fermentation tank is equipped with a stirring wall, which can set the stirring frequency per hour according to the material situation, so as to evenly heat the bacterial mixture.